Brief Course Descriptions - PART 41

B.Sc. Physics – BRIEF COURSE DESCRIPTIONS (UCL)


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1st Year Courses (all courses are of half-unit value unless stated otherwise) :

PHAS 1102 PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE

Pre-requisites: Structure: 27 lectures, 6 hours of problem classes/discussion

The course aims to give 1st year students in physics and astronomy an introduction to the modern ideas in physics and astronomy. It introduces the ideas of astrophysics and provides broad coverage of the origin and evolution of the Universe, as it is currently understood.

Topics: Stellar Astrophysics. Radiation – Planck’s Law and Stefan-Boltzmann Law, with astrophysical (stellar) applications, cosmic microwave background. Stars – fusion, with associated nuclear and particle-physics topics. Cosmology and the Universe â introduction to space and time, magnitude scale & colour systems, distance-scale topics, concept of curved space-time, basis of Einstein’s approach to gravity, black holes. Cosmological principles, Redshift and Hubble’s law, the Big Bang model.

PHAS 1224 (1B24) WAVES, OPTICS AND ACOUSTICS

Pre-requisites: A-Level Physics and Maths or equivalent
Structure: 27 lectures, 6 hours of problem classes/discussion

This is a basic course in wave motion, covering both general features of the wave equation and features specific to electromagnetic waves and sound waves. The properties of different types of waves are discussed together with major applications in physical and geometrical optics and propagation of sound waves. At the end of the course the student should be fully conversant with these fundamentals and how they are applied to an understanding of interference and diffraction, dispersion and wave propagation phenomena. Topics: General properties of waves. Basic properties of wave equation. Acoustic waves in gases and solids. Resonant properties of strings, pipes and cavities. Moving sources and detectors. Reflection and refraction. Coherence. Interference. Huygensâs principle. Fraunhofer diffraction. Lenses and curved mirrors, optical devices. Resolution; Raleigh criterion; Abbe theory.

PHAS 1228 (1B28)  THERMAL PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: A-Level Maths and Physics or equivalent Structure: 27 lectures, 6 hours of problem classes/discussion

The course aims to develop, via a discussion of heat and the interaction of heat with matter, an understanding of the laws of thermodynamics. Simple statistical ideas of heat are introduced which are fully developed in a later course. Students are able by the end to apply thermodynamics to simple systems.

Topics: Atoms, ions and molecules as the building blocks of matter, perfect gas, real gases, the structure of liquids, Molecular, covalent, ionic and metallic solids, phase change, latent heats, triple point and critical point, p-V and p-V-T diagrams, Thermodynamic state, state variables, and thermodynamic equilibrium, Heat Transfer mechanisms, The Carnot cycle, Entropy, disorder, the arrow of time and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Plausible derivation of the form of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.

PHAS 1130 PRACTICAL SKILLS 1A

Pre-requisites: Structure: 5 lectures (approx.), 90 hours of practical work

This course gives practice in experimental technique including data recording, data analysis and report writing; also an introduction to the elements of a computer packaged analysis tools.

PHAS 1240 PRACTICAL SKILLS 1C

Pre-requisites: Structure: 6+3 Lectures, 70 hours of practical work

A course giving an introduction to Physics Laboratory techniques and practice, and developing the basic practical skills necessary for performing experimental work which is a crucial component of both the physics-related and astronomy-related Honours Degree programme.

Topics: General experimental techniques through completion of simple practical exercises; data analysis through lectures, special exercises and application to experiments performed; familiarisation with use of computers covering training on a spreadsheet, word processor and net browser packages, computer programming using a self-directed learning package at workstations, supplemented by lectures.

PHAS 1241 PRACTICAL SKILLS 1P

Pre-requisites: Structure: 70 hours of practical work

This course is a further instruction in experimental physics through a selection of scripted experimental exercises appropriate to the various degree streams providing practice in experimental technique, including data recording, data analysis and report writing.

PHAS 1245 (1B45) MATHEMATICAL METHODS I

Pre-requisites: A-Level Maths or its equivalent Structure: 33 lectures, 7 hours of discussion, 5 problem classes

All the mathematics required for the understanding of 1st Year Astronomy and Physics courses will be provided in this service course and PHAS1246.

Topics: Elementary Functions (mainly revision): Manipulation of algebraic equations, powers, exponentials and logarithms, inverse functions, trigonometric functions, sine, cosine and tangent for special angles, hyperbolic functions. Differentiation (mainly revision): Definition, product rule, function of a function rule, implicit functions, logarithmic derivative, parametric differentiation, maxima and minima. Integration (mainly revision): Integration as converse of differentiation, changing variables, integration by parts, partial fractions, trigonometric and other substitutions, definite integral, integral as the area under a curve, trapezium rule, integral of odd and even functions. Partial Differentiation: Definition, surface representation of functions of two variables, total differentials, chain rule, change of variables, second order derivatives. Maxima, minima and saddle points for functions of two variables. Vectors: Definition, addition, subtraction, scalar and vector multiplication. Vector and scalar triple products, vector equations (Third order determinants only very briefly). Vector geometry – straight lines and planes. Vector differentiation, vectors in plane polar, cylindrical, and spherical polar coordinates. Series: Sequences and series, convergence of infinite series. Power series, radius of convergence, simple examples including the binomial series. Taylor and Maclaurin series, L’Hopital’s rule. Complex Numbers: Representation, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, Cartesian,polar exponential forms, De Moivre’s theorem, powers and roots, complex equations.

PHAS 1246 MATHEMATICAL METHODS II

Pre-requisites: A-Level Maths or its equivalent Structure: 33 lectures, 7 hours of discussion, 5 problem classes

All the mathematics required for the understanding of 1st Year Astronomy and Physics courses will be provided in this service course and 1245.

Topics: Multiple Integrals: Line integrals, area and volume integrals, change of coordinates, area and volume elements in plane polar, cylindrical polar and spherical polar coordinates. Vector Operators: Directional derivatives, gradient for functions of two or three variables. Gradient, divergence, curl and Laplacian operators in Cartesian coordinates, Flux of a vector field, Divergence theorem, Stokes’ theorem, Coordinate-independent definitions of vector operators. Derivation of vector operators in spherical and cylindrical polar coordinates. Differential Equations: Ordinary first-order, separable, integrating factor, change of variables, exact differential.Ordinary second order homogeneous and non-homogeneous including equal roots. Series Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations: Derivation of the Frobenius method, Application to linear first order equations, Singular points and convergence, Application to second order equations. Elements of Probability Theory: Discrete probability distributions, moments, means and standard deviations, independent probabilities. Means and standard deviations for continuous distributions. Special Theory of Relativity: Implications of Galilean transformation for the speed of light; Michelson-Morley experiment, Einstein’s postulates, Derivation of the Lorentz transformation equations; length contraction, time dilation, addition law of velocities, paradoxes; Transformation of momentum and energy; invariants, Doppler effect for photons, threshold energy for pair production, the headlight effect.

PHAS 1247 CLASSICAL MECHANICS

Pre-requisites: A-Level Maths and Physics or equivalent Structure: 27 lectures, 10 hours of discussion, 4 problem classes

This is an introductory course in Classical Mechanics. Starting from Newton’s Law of Motion, it sets up the techniques used to apply the laws to the solution of physical problems. It is essential background for many of the succeeding courses within the degrees in Physics and Astronomy.

Topics: Introduction to Classical Mechanics: Importance of classical mechanics; conditions for its validity. Statics, kinematics, dynamics; units and dimensions. Newton’ s laws of motion. Motion in one dimension: Variable acceleration. Work, power, impulse. Conservation of momentum and energy; conservative force, potential and kinetic energy. Construction of equations of motion and their solutions. Simple harmonic motion; damped and forced oscillations, resonance. Motion in two and three dimensions: Relative motion; Galilean and other transformations between frames of reference. Inertial and non-inertial frames of reference, fictitious forces. Motion in a plane; trajectories, elastic collisions. Constraints and boundary conditions. Rotation about an axis; motion in a circle, angular velocity, angular momentum, torques and couples; radial and transverse components of velocity and acceleration in plane polar coordinates, centrifugal and Coriolis forces. Orbital motion for inverse square law of force; statement of the gravitational force due to a spherically symmetric mass distribution. Kepler’ s laws of planetary motion (review of properties of conic sections). Rigid Body Motion: Centre of mass, its motion under the influence of external forces; moment of inertia, theorems of parallel and perpendicular axes; centre of percussion. Rotational analogues of rectilinear equations of motion; simple theory of gyroscope. Fluid Mechanics: Fluids at rest: pressure, buoyancy and Archimedes principle. Fluids in motion: equation of continuity for laminar flow; Bernoulli’s equation with applications, flow over an aerofoil; brief qualitative account of viscosity and turbulence.

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2nd Year Courses (All courses are of half-unit value unless stated otherwise):

PHAS 2112 ASTROPHYSICAL PROCESSES: NEBULAE TO STARS

Pre-requisites: Attending PHAS2228 and PHAS2222 Structure: 27 lectures, 6 hours of problem classes/discussion

The aim of this course is to introduce students to the most important astrophysical processes encountered in a wide range of nebular and stellar environments. A knowledge of these processes is an essential prerequisite for several subsequent more specialised 3rd and 4th year astronomy and astrophysics courses. The philosophy of the course is to start at the low density (nebular) limit, where microscopic processes must be considered individually and to then treat increasingly high density environments, working through to the atmospheres of stars; the interior regions where stellar nuclear energy sources are located; and finally, degenerate matter, the highest density form of material found in stars.
Topics: Microscopic atomic processes that determine physical conditions such as ionization balance and temperature in the low-density interstellar medium. Treatment of higher density and higher- temperature environments, where simplifying assumptions can often be made. A range of processes that are encountered in stellar atmospheres and stellar interiors are treated in this part of the course. Finally, the nuclear reaction processes that generate energy in high-temperature stellar cores are discussed.

PHAS 2117 PHYSICS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Pre-requisites: PHAS1245 Mathematics 1 PHAS1102 Physics of the Universe Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours of problem classes/discussion

The course covers basic requirements, central principles, and practical considerations for components used in complete astronomical data-acquisition systems in different wavebands in the electromagnetic spectrum. These general concepts are discussed with regard to telescopes, spectrometers and detector-systems. Examples of working systems are discussed. Topics: Origin of the Solar System, dynamics and composition. Basic structure of the Sun in terms of the physics of energy transport from the core. Source of solar magnetic field, solar activity and sunspots. The solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field. The interaction of the solar wind with solar system bodies..Planetary magnetospheres, radiation belts, charged particle motions in a planetary magnetic field. Internal structure of the Terrestrial Planets. Interior and surface evolution. Observational methods, in particular seismic studies on Earth. Gravitational potential and tidal forces. Roche limit. Instability limit. Relevance to why rings surround the Gas Giants. Thermal structure and atmospheres of planets. The Gas Giants. Physics of hydrogen under great pressure. Asteroids and meteorites, Comets, the Oort Cloud and the Kuiper belt.

PHAS 2246 MATHEMATICAL METHODS III

Pre-requisites: PHAS1245 , PHAS1246 Structure: 33 lectures, 11 hours of problem classes/discussion

Together with the two first year mathematics courses, PHAS2246 will provide the necessary mathematical underpinning for all core Physics and Astronomy modules throughout the BSc/MSci programmes. Completion of PHAS1245 and preferably PHAS1246 will normally be required for entry onto the course. Completion of the course and proven performance in its continuous assessment will be the norm for students wishing to proceed to the second semester mathematics half-unit MATHS6202 provided for second year Physics & Astronomy students.

Topics: Linear Vector Space, Determinants and Matrices. Partial Differential Equations. Legendre Functions. Fourier Analysis. Group Theory.

PHAS 2222 (2B22) QUANTUM PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: PHAS2246 Maths III (this may be taken in parallel) or its equivalents Structure: 27 lectures, 6 hours of problem classes/discussion

This is an introductory core course in quantum mechanics covering the failure of classical Newtonian mechanics and the basics of quantum mechanics motivated by physical examples.

It aims to develop an understanding of the principles of Quantum Mechanics and their implications to the solution of physical problems. It forms the essential basis for many of the succeeding courses within Physics and Astronomy.

Topics: The failure of classical physics. Steps towards wave mechanics. One-dimensional time-independent problems. The formal basis of quantum mechanics. Angular Momentum in quantum mechanics. The hydrogen atom – qualitative treatment. Magnetic moments and electron spin. Correspondence principle and Expansion Postulate. Ehrenfest’s theorem. Introduction to atomic structure Review of one electron atoms. Many-electron atoms including the Pauli Principle and spin. Atoms and radiation. Atoms in static electric and magnetic fields. Molecular Structure and bonding. Molecular Spectra. Harmonic oscillator.

PHAS 2224 (2B24)  ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: PHAS2201 Electricity and Magnetism and PHAS2222 Quantum Physics or their equivalents Structure: 27 lectures, 6 hours of problem classes/discussion

This course introduces the physics of atoms and molecules which has established the quantized nature of physical phenomena. A core course which builds on the observations and ideas of the preceding courses in electromagnetism and quantum physics to enable the student to understand the structure and spectra of simple atoms and molecules, and to develop such understanding to a point where problems can be tackled. The course provides the basis for many further courses in the Department, not only in atomic and molecular physics, but also nuclear physics, modern optics, plasma physics and many branches of astrophysics. Topics: Introduction to atomic structure. Review of one electron atoms. Many-electron atoms including the Pauli Principle and spin. Atoms and radiation. Atoms in static electric and magnetic fields. Molecular Structure and bonding. Molecular Spectra.

PHAS 2427 (2B27) ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: PHAS1228 Thermal Physics, PHAS1247 Classical Mechanics Structure: 27 lectures, 6 hours of problem classes/discussion

An optional course which enables the student to understand the structure and dynamics of the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans.

Topical issues such as global warming, ozone depletion and acid rain will be discussed. This course will provide a link between the pure physics and applied physics degrees and be pertinent to the Physics with Space Science degree.
Topics: Radiation; Spectrum of Solar radiation; Energy transfer; Structure and composition of the atmosphere; Fluid dynamic; atmospheric circulation; Energy resources; power consumption; pollution.

PHAS 2228 (2B28) STATISTICAL THERMODYNAMICS

Pre-requisites: Structure: 27 lectures, 6 hours of problem classes/discussion

The course aims to establish a secure structural foundation to an understanding of statistical thermodynamics that is essential to the study of processes at the microscopic level and of solid-state physics.
Topics: Introduction. Principles of Statistical Physics. Isolated systems. Systems in contact with a heat bath. Classical gases. Ideal quantum gases. Bose-Einsten statistics. Fermi-Dirac statistics.

PHAS 2440 PRACTICAL PHYSICS 2A

Pre-requisites: Structure: 72 hours of practical work

The course provides an introduction to the basic specialist skills required of the practicing physicist by means of a range of experiments in Physics including an introduction to Numerical Methods.

Topics: A selection of 2nd year level scripted experiments designed for Physics students, a short course on the basic techniques required for numerical analysis of theoretical results and their comparison with experimental data, with emphasis on the use of various computer packages. Basic electronic techniques are also introduced and developed by providing practise in design and construction of a circuit including diagnosis and rectification of faults.

PHAS 2441 PRACTICAL PHYSICS 2B

Pre-requisites: Structure: 72 hours of practical work split between a lab and a computer cluster

This course includes a Physics project together with a course of instruction in computer based skills in particular the Mathematica programming language. It aims to provide instruction in some of the more advanced specialist skills required of a practising Physicist and an opportunity to use the skills acquired in project work.

PHAS 2442 PRACTICAL PHYSICS 2C

Pre-requisites: Structure: 72 hours of practical work split between a lab and a computer cluster

This course involves experiments in Laboratory astrophysics/physics including an introduction to the Mathematica programming language.
Topics: A selection of advanced 2nd Year level scripted experiments designed for Physics with Space Science students. The use of word processors to prepare reports is encouraged. Mathematica programming language is introduced.

PHAS 2201 ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Pre-requisites: PHAS1245 Maths I and PHAS1246 Maths II
Structure: 27 lectures, 6 hours of problem classes/discussion

This is the foundation course in electricity and magnetism to be taken by all undergraduates. It provides the basis for advanced courses in electricity and magnetism and essential techniques for use in other areas of physics.
Topics: Milestones in electromagnetism. Electrostatics. Conductors. Dielectrics. DC circuits. Magnetostatics, Electromagnetic induction. AC circuits. Maxwell’s equations.

MATH 6202 MATHEMATICS FOR PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY

Pre-requisites: PHAS2246 Maths 3 Structure: 3 hours lectures and 1 hour problem class per week. Weekly assessed coursework.

This is a course of advanced mathematical methods for students of Physics and Astronomy who intend to proceed further with theoretical studies. It forms a natural pre-requisite of the 3rd Year course PHAS3423 Methods of Mathematical Physics.

Topics: Functions of a complex variable: power series, elementary functions, branch points and cuts, continuity and differentiability, analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations, harmonic functions, singularities, Taylor and Laurent series, Cauchy’s integral formula. Calculus of variations: Euler’s equation, simple examples, problems with integral constraints, approximate solutions. Analytical Dynamics: mechanical systems, Hamilton’s principle, Lagrange’s equations, Hamilton’s equations, constants of the motion, phase space.

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3rd Year Courses (All courses are of half-unit value unless stated otherwise) :

PHAS 3400 PHYSICS PROJECT – B.Sc. (1 unit)

Pre-requisites: Structure: 180 hours of independent project work

This course stimulates an anticipation of research and work in a problem-solving environment. It enables students, who work independently or in pairs, to tackle novel and stimulating problems drawn from many areas of Physics, and related disciplines, both theoretical and experimental. The course aims to develop a student’s confidence and ability and to work independently to solve problems, posed here in a research-type context. It inculcates the keeping of clear records of progress in a logbook and emphasises communication skills via written and oral reports presented during, and at the end of, the course. It builds upon the largely prescriptive experimental work encountered in the practical skills units of the first two years and enhances the communication skills developed in these years.

PHAS 3423 METHODS OF MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: MATH6202 Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours of problem classes/discussion

This course offers an introduction to the modern theory of dynamical systems with applications in Physics and their relevance to modelling mechanical and physical systems.

Topics: Continuous dynamical systems: Hamiltonian systems, Liouvilles’s theorem, dissipative systems, local stability analysis, non-linear oscillators, bifurcation analysis in one and two dimensions. Discrete dynamical systems: Iterated maps, logistic map, cycles and stability, period doubling, bifurcations, Lyapunov exponents. Stochastic processes, Brownian motion, stochastic calculus.

PHAS 3201 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

Pre-requisites: PHAS2201, PHAS 1245, PHAS1246, PHAS2246
Structure: 27 lectures, 6 hours of problem classes/discussion

This course will build on PHAS2201 to establish Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism and use them to derive electromagnetic wave equations and an understanding of e-m wave propagation in different media. They will be used to help understand energy flow in the waves and the optical phenomena of reflection, refraction and polarization.

Topics: Dielectric media, magnetic fields, linear magnetic media, ferromagnetism, Maxwell equations and e.m waves, reflection and refraction at a plane dielectric surface, energy flow and the Poynting vector, waves in conducting media, Emission of radiation, Hertzian dipole, relativistic transformations of e.m. fields.

PHAS 3224 (3C24) NUCLEAR AND PARTICLE PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: PHAS2224 Atomic and Molecular Physics also PHAS2222 Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours of problem classes/discussion

This is a core course which introduces nuclei and particles. It outlines their systematics and explores the nature of the forces between them. Although self-contained the course provides the groundwork for fourth year courses in nuclear and particle physics.

Topics: Introduction to the Standard Model. The relationship between the theory and the measurables. Interaction Kinematics. Feynman Diagrams. Experimental Issues of Particle Physics. Introduction to composite particles (Hadrons and Baryons). Cross-section and lifetime: measurables. The weak interaction. Accelerators and detectors. Introduction to nuclear physics. Liquid drop model and the Semi-empirical mass formula. Fission and fusion. Resonance enhanced neutron capture for waste transmutation. The nuclear shell model.

PHAS 3225 (3C25) SOLID STATE PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours of problem classes/discussion

The course aims to lay a secure foundation for the understanding of the underlying principles of the structure of the solids, determination of their structures (and defects therein), and to establish an understanding of the relationship between structure and their thermal, mechanical, electronic and magnetic properties. The basis allows further advanced development in 4th year MSci modules.

Topics: Review of bonding and structure in solids; covalent, molecular, ionic, metallic, hydrogen bonding. Crystalline and non-crystalline materials. Principles of (x-ray & neutron) structure determination of solids; direct and reciprocal lattices, Laue condition. Mechanical properties of solids; elasticity, dislocations, strength of materials (crystalline and non-crystalline). Lattices in motion; phonons, dispersion curves, heat capacity, Einstein and Debye models, thermal conductivity. Electrons in solids; simple models of conduction, Hall effect, heat capacity, basic band theory, Fermi surface, insulators, metals, and semiconductors. Pure and doped semiconductors and simple semiconducting devices. Optical properties of solids, dielectric constant, refractive index.

PHAS 3226 (3C26) QUANTUM MECHANICS

Pre-requisites: PHAS2222 Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours of problem classes/discussion

This is a core course which builds on a previous first course in Quantum Mechanics. It aims to extend the student’s knowledge base and to give a deeper understanding of the subject. The course material is essential for many courses offered in the MSci year.

Topics: A summary of the basic concepts and postulates of quantum mechanics. Dirac Notation: Linear harmomic oscillator by operator techniques. Theory of orbital, spin and generalised angular momentum, with an introduction to coupling of two angular momenta. Applications and approximations; the hydrogen-like ion: full treatment; time- independent, non-degenerate perturbation theory up to second order; first-order degenerate perturbation theory. Time evolution of simple systems with a time-independent Hamiltonian. Systems of identical particles; Pauli principle, bosons and fermions.

PHAS 3333 INTERSTELLAR PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours of problem classes/discussion

The aim is to teach the basic physics of the interstellar gas in its diffuse, ionised, and molecular phases, together with the properties of interstellar dust.

Topics: Applications of radiative transfer, energy balance, and line-formation mechanisms as diagnostics of the physics and chemistry of the interstellar medium (ISM). Detailed attention is paid to interstellar gas dynamics and shocks. The structure and evolution of photo-ionized nebulae are derived, and the earliest stages of star formation are discussed. Free-free continuum emission and Line formation in the diffuse ISM is considered in detail. The formation and destruction of dust grains is reviewed, together with the basic principles underlying the extinction which they produce. Simple reaction networks and rate equations are developed for astrochemical molecular processes, and are put into context.

PHAS 3134 THE PHYSICS AND EVOLUTION OF STARS

Pre-requisites: PHAS2112 – Astrophysical Processes PHAS2228 – Statistical Thermodynamics Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

This is a course dealing with the theory of radiative transfer and the structure of stellar atmospheres and interiors, and the use of these to understand the formation, evolution and death of stars. It builds on the basic astrophysical concepts and processes that were introduced in the 2nd Year. It is the core course in stellar astrophysics, and is a pre-requisite for the 4th Year course on Advanced Topics in Stellar Astrophysics and Evolution.

Topics: Equations of Stellar structure. Stellar Atmospheres and radiative transfer. Radiative opacities. Convection in stars. Basic stellar structure models. Evolution onto the Main-Sequence. Post Main- Sequence Evolution.

PHAS 3136 COSMOLOGY AND EXTRAGALACTIC ASTRONOMY

Pre-requisites: PHAS2112 Astrophysical Processes: Nebulae to Stars Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours of problem classes/discussion

This is an advanced course on the structure and evolution of the Universe, galaxies, quasars and related objects, and how they are studied from an observational point of view.
The aim is to enhance the student’s knowledge and understanding of these topics and their relationships.

Topics: Cosmology: Cosmological models; the microwave background; primordial nucleosynthesis; inflation; the cosmological constant; large-scale structure.
Galaxies: Morphology; chemical, physical, and dynamical structure; clusters of galaxies. Dark matter in galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Active Galactic Nuclei: Taxonomy; characteristics of the central engine; reverberation mapping; quasar absorption-line systems; the quasar luminosity function; the evolution of galaxies and the star-formation history of the Universe.

PHAS 3338 ASTRONOMICAL SPECTROSCOPY

Pre-requisites: PHAS2222 – Quantum Physics Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

This is a course developing an understanding of the spectra of atoms and molecules and their uses in astronomy. Wherever possible, the discussion will be illustrated by real astronomical spectra.

Topics: Spectral lines observed from astronomical objects and their interpretation. The structure and radiative properties of atoms and molecules. Pauli’s principle and electron shells; angular momentum; fine structure; hyperfine structure; radiation in spectral lines; forbidden transitions; atoms in external fields; molecular rotational, vibrational and electronic structure and transitions. Spectroscopy of stars, interstellar matter, galaxies, planets and other astronomical objects.

PHAS 3301 TECHNIQUES AND OPTICS IN MODERN ASTRONOMY

Pre-requisites: PHAS1224 Waves, Optics and Acoustics; PHAS2246 Mathematics III
Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

This course will provide the necessary skills for a student to understand the design and operation of modern astronomical instruments.

Topics:

Optics Theory: Wave propagation theory, Imaging theory, Polarisation, Fourier Optics, Convolution/deconvolution. UV/Visible/NIR techniques: Telescope Design, Optical aberrations, Detectors, Imaging, Photometry, Signal to noise, Spectroscopy, Grating equation , Cross dispersion , Echelle spectrograph, Multiple object spectroscopy, Integral field units, Polarimetry, Adaptive Optics, Coronography, Optical Interferometry. Radio Astronomy techniques: Radio sources, Radio Receivers (Detectors, antenna), Heterodyne frequency shift, Spectroscopy, Radio dishes, Radio Interferometry. X-ray and Gamma-ray techniques: Sources, Detectors, Imaging high Energy Radiation, Spectroscopy at high energies, Bragg equation. Exotic Astronomy: Very High Energy (VHE) Gamma Rays, Sources of radiation, VHE Gamma ray Telescopes, Neutrino Astronomy, Neutrino production, Neutrino detectors, Gravity Wave Detectors, Sources, Detector systems.

PHAS 3440 EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: PHAS1240 – Practical Skills 1C and PHAS2440 – Practical Physics 2A Structure: 35 hours of practical work, 35 hours problem classes/discussion

This course entails advanced experimentation in Physics and statistical analysis of data with a short introductory course in Mathematica.

Topics: One long experimental investigation lasting half a term involving the integration of several experimental techniques to complete the task. A short course, working from a programmed text, in statistical analysis of data. Training and practice in report writing. A short course lasting half a term in the use of symbolic manipulation techniques using the programme Mathematica for the solution of mathematical problems and modeling.

PHAS 3441 GROUP PROJECT – PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: Structure: 3 lectures, 77 hours of independent project work, 10 hours of written work (essays), 12 hours problem classes/discussion. Short interview.

The course aims to teach students how to function effectively in a group situation stimulating the actual working environment they will encounter in the course of their professional careers. The technical skills exercised in the collective solution of the set problem rely on practical skills developed in courses in the first two years.

Topics: Students take part in training in group interaction and management. They then practice these skills in small groups by attempting the solutions of a complex technical problem in physics which requires group co-operation for its solutions.

PHAS 3443 (3C43) LASERS AND MODERN OPTICS

Pre-requisites: PHAS1224 – Waves, Optics and Acoustics Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

This course aims to give an introduction to modern optics and laser physics to ensure that the students are conversant with the principles of laser physics and are competent in applying them to different physical processes.

Topics: Matrix optics. Laser principles. Gaussian optics. Electro-optics. Non-linear optics. Guided wave optics.

PHAS 3446 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Pre-requisites: PHAS2228 – Statistical Thermodynamics and Condensed Matter Physics Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

This course is an introduction to the physics of materials science which addresses the mechanical, electrical, magnetic and optical properties of manufactured materials, and the factors which lead to their exploitation in commercial devices. It is an optional course which builds on the core courses PHAS2228 and PHAS3225.

Topics: Property relations for a variety of materials covering a range of complexity, including microstructures and mechanical properties, electrical, optical and magnetic properties, polymers, comparatives, bio-materials and advanced device materials.

PHAS 3661 PHYSICS OF THE EARTH

Pre-requisites: Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

This course is primarily an option for the Physics with Space Science degree. It has emphasis on the new insights provided by modern techniques, including seismic techniques for studying the Earth’s interior, satellite altimetry for determining the geoid and ocean circulations, laser ranging and very long baseline interferometry for measuring continental drift.
Topics: Mass and density of the Earth; Earth Gravity; Earth magnetism and plate tectonics; Earthquakes; seismology; origin of the Solar System; Earth’s climate; Earth observation for geophysics and climate.

MATH 3305 MATHEMATICS FOR GENERAL RELATIVITY

Pre-requisites: MATH6202 (Physicists and Astronomers); MATH2303 (Mathematicians) Structure: 3 hour lectures per week

This course is available to 3rd or 4th year students with a good mathematical ability. The course introduces Einstein’s theories of special and general relativity. Special relativity shows how measurements of physical quantities such as time and space can depend on an observer’s frame of reference. Relativity also emphasizes that there exists an underlying physical description independent of observers. This physical description uses mathematical objects called tensors. Tensor notation simplifies the form of the Maxwell equations and reveals their power and beauty. The Maxwell equations provide a description of electromagnetism compatible with special relativity. However, no similar equations exist for gravitation. Instead, a more general form of relativity is needed where space-time has curvature. Curvature, in effect, replaces the gravitational field. Objects no longer accelerate due to gravitational forces; instead they move along geodesics whose shape is determined by the curvature. Furthermore, rather than mass being the source of the gravitational field, a massive object warps the space around it, generating curvature.

MATH 3306 COSMOLOGY

Pre-requisites: MATH3305 – Mathematics for General Relativity Structure: 3 hour lectures per week This course is available to 3rd or 4th year students with a good mathematical ability.

Cosmology is the study of the history and structure of the Universe. Cosmologists usually assume that the Universe is highly symmetric on large scales; under this assumption the equations of general relativity reduce to two simple ordinary differential equations. These equations govern the expansion of the Universe. These equations are studied in detail, and show how observations are affected by the expansion and curvature of the Universe. The course then covers the astronomical methods used to determine the expansion rate (i.e. the Hubble constant) and the mass density of the Universe. Physical processes in the early universe such as nucleo-synthesis, the formation of the microwave background, and galaxy formation will also be studied. The course begins with a description of black holes and ends with speculative topics including inflation and cosmic strings.

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4th Year Courses (All courses are of half-unit value unless stated otherwise):

PHAS 4201 MSci PHYSICS PROJECT (1.5 Units)

Pre-requisites: 1st , 2nd and 3rd year practical courses to have been successfully taken Structure: 200 hours of independent project work, 30 hours of written work

The course aims to develop a student’s confidence and ability to work as an independent researcher and inculcates the keeping of clear records in a progress log. It builds on the largely proscriptive experimental work encountered in the practical skills units of the first three years plus the smaller components of group and individual project work. An emphasis on good communication via written and oral reports continues the stress laid on this in the first three years. Students work independently or in pairs (depending on the scope of the project) on a major investigation which may be experimental, theoretical or involve computer simulation. Students are required to keep a detailed log of their day to day work and present their findings in a final written report plus an oral presentation. The final report is expected to be presented in a fully word processed form.

PHAS 4101 MSci ASTRONOMY PROJECT (1.5 Units)
Pre-requisites: Structure: 200 hours of independent project work, 30 hours of written work

The aim of the course is to enable the student to undertake real scientific research for the first time. Students will build on the formal knowledge and practical techniques that they have acquired from lectures and practicals during the preceding three years. Students will have their own supervisor who will be a staff member (or senior contract research staff person).

A 1 unit course consisting of a research project over 2 semesters, in any area related to astronomy and astrophysics.

The project can be any combination of theory, analysis, observation, instrumentation or history and philosophy of astronomy, provided the work is original. Students will provide an extended written report (dissertation) which as well as describing the results of their research, should contain a review of previous related work. Students will also give a 15-minute oral presentation, using audio visual aids, on the results of their project.

PHAS 4426 ADVANCED QUANTUM THEORY

Pre-requisites: 3226 or equivalent. Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

This is a course where some aspects of the basic postulates of quantum mechanics are discussed more formally and mathematically than in earlier courses. The course extends perturbation theory to time-dependent systems and gives students an introduction to a quantum mechanical description of the scattering of low-energy particles by a potential – two important topics for other fourth-year courses.

Topics: An algebraic operator approach for angular momentum, both orbital and spin; the addition of angular momenta. The variational method for non-perturbative approximations and the JWKB approximation. Time-dependent perturbation theory leading to Fermi’s Golden Rule and applications to simple systems such as an harmonic perturbation. The quantum mechanical description of the scattering of low-energy spinless particles from a potential via the partial wave expansion and phase shifts. The first Born approximation.

PHAS 4312 PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

Pre-requisites: Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

This course compares the atmospheres of all the planets and examines the past, present and future of the Earth’s atmosphere with the perspective offered by the comparison.

Topics: Comparison of planetary atmospheres including; atmospheric structure, retention; oxygen chemistry; atmospheric temperature profiles; origin and evolution of planetary atmospheres; atmospheric dynamics; ionospheres; magnetospheres; observational techniques and global warming.

PHAS 4314 SOLAR PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

The aim of this course is to present a detailed description of the structure and behaviour of the Sun and its atmosphere and to give the student a good understanding of the underlying physical processes.

Topics: The Solar interior and photosphere; Solar magnetic fields; Solar activity; the Solar atmosphere – Chromosphere; the Solar atmosphere – Corona and Solar wind; Solar flares.

PHAS 4315 HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS

Pre-requisites: Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

This course provides an understanding of the theoretical processes responsible for a range of high- energy stellar and galactic sources, using observational data from Earth satellites.

Topics: A simple introduction to General Relativity, by approaching the Schwarzschild and Kerr metrics from practical considerations rather than using highly mathematical tools; A simple mathematical account of the mechanisms that lead to the production and absorption of high energy photons in the Universe; A quantitative account of cosmic sources of high energy radiation.

PHAS 4316 ADVANCED TOPICS IN STELLAR ATMOSPHERES AND EVOLUTION

Pre-requisites: PHAS3134 – Physics and Evolution of Stars Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

A course which develops the theory of model atmosphere techniques and their application to quantitative analyses of stellar spectra; the effects of mass loss on the evolution of both high and low mass stars, and interaction effects in binary systems.

Topics: The LTE Model Atmosphere: the formation of continua and spectral lines. Comparison of LTE model atmospheres with observations. The Non-LTE Model Atmosphere: two-level and multi-level atoms. Comparison of non-LTE model atmospheres with observations. Observations of stellar winds from hot stars and determination of mass-loss rates. The theory of line-driven stellar winds. The effects of mass-loss on stellar evolution for high and low mass stars. The evolution of massive close binary systems.

PHAS 4317 GALAXY AND CLUSTER DYNAMICS

Pre-requisites: PHAS3136 – Cosmology and Extragalactic Astronomy Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

This course provides an in-depth study of the dynamical structure and evolution of galaxies (elliptical and spiral), clusters within galaxies (open and globular), and clusters of galaxies. The course explains the origins and mechanisms by which galaxies and clusters have obtained their observed characteristics.

Topics: Galaxies, Clusters, and the Foundations of Stellar Dynamics, Rotating Galaxies and the Structure of the Milky Way, Stellar Encounters and Galactic Evolution, Star Clusters, Elliptical Galaxies, and Clusters of Galaxies.

PHAS 4421 ATOM AND PHOTON PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

The course introduces students to the interactions of photons with atoms. In particular the operation and use of lasers is discussed and the role of lasers in modern spectroscopic techniques.

Topics: Interaction of light with atoms. L.A.S.E.R. Chaotic light and coherence. Laser spectroscopy. Multiphoton processes. Light scattering by atoms. Electron scattering by atoms. Coherence and cavity effects in atoms. Trapping and cooling.

PHAS 4431 MOLECULAR PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: Quantum Physics (such as UCL course PHAS2222) Atomic Physics (such as UCL courses PHAS2224 or PHAS3338) Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

The course aims to introduce fourth year students to a detailed discussion of the spectroscopy and electronic states of polyatomic molecules.

Topics: Molecular structure: Born-Oppenheimer approximation; Electronic structure ionic and covalent bonding, H2, H2+; Vibrational and rotational structure. Molecular spectra: Microwave, infrared and optical spectra of molecules; Selection rules, Experimental set-ups and examples; Raman spectroscopy. Ortho-para states. Molecular processes: Collisions with electrons and heavy particles; Experimental techniques.

PHAS 4442 PARTICLE PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: Basic Quantum, Atomic and Nuclear Physics Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

The course introduces the basic concepts of particle physics, including the fundamental interactions and particles and the role of symmetries. Emphasis will be placed upon how particle physics is actually carried out and the course will use data from currently running experiments to illustrate the underlying physics involved.

Topics: Feynman diagrams as a tool for qualitative description of interactions. Relativistic wave equations. Conserved Current, Propagators and the Invariant Amplitude. Symmetries and conservation laws. Basic principles of calorimeters, drift chambers and silicon vertex detectors. QCD confinement, asymptotic freedom and Jets. Deep Inelastic scattering, scaling and the quark parton model. Weak Interactions, the W and Z bosons. Quark and lepton doublets and Cabibbo mixing. Parity and C- Parity violation and handedness of neutrinos. Unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions. Neutrino oscillations and some other open questions.

PHAS 4465 SPACE PLASMA and MAGNETOSPHERIC PHYSICS

Pre-requisites: PHAS3201. Also knowledge of vector algebra Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

The course introduces the student to the solar wind and its interaction with various bodies in the solar system, in particular discussing the case of the Earth and the environment in which most spacecraft operate.

Topics: Introduction to Magneto-hydrodynamics, the Solar wind, solar wind interaction with unmagnetised bodies, the solar wind interaction with magnetized bodies, various magnetospheric models, magnetic storms and substorms.

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PHAS 4472 ORDER AND EXCITATIONS IN CONDENSED MATTER

Pre-requisites: PHAS3225 Solid State Physics. Structure: 30 lectures, 3 hours problem classes/discussion

The course aims to provide a unified description of order and excitations in condensed matter with an emphasis on how they may be determined with modern x-ray and neutron techniques.

Topics: Atomic Scale Structure of Material , Magnetism: Moments, Environments and Interactions, Order and Magnetic Structure, Scattering Theory, Excitations of Crystalline Materials, Magnetic Excitations, Excitations in ferromagnets and antiferromagnets, Magnons, Sources of X-rays and Neutrons (Full day visit to RAL.), Modern Spectroscopic Techniques, Phase transitions and Critical Phenomena, Local Order in Liquids and Amorphous Solids.

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ASTROPHYSICS M.Sc. -  MODULES (QMW):

ASTM003 Angular Momentum and Accretion Processes in Astrophysics

Course outline:

Gas falling towards a massive astronomical body tends to form a rotating accretion disc due to its angular momentum. Large amounts of energy can be liberated as material slowly spirals inwards through an accretion disc. Accretion processes play an important role in many areas of astrophysics including star and planet formation, X-ray binaries, cataclysmic variables, and quasars. This course considers the formation of accretion discs in binary star systems and around protostars, the liberation of energy as a result of viscosity disc, the spectra of the radiation emitted, and the effects of magnetic fields. Planet formation in protoplanetary discs is also discussed.

Syllabus:
The material presented in this module consists of the following: •

Differentially rotating systems in astrophysics. • Discs as systems in which centrifugal forces dominate. • Virial theorem for rotating systems including Lorentz forces. • Disc formation through gravitational collapse, protostellar discs. Disc formation in close binary systems through mass transfer. • Necessity of angular momentum transport, review of possible mechanisms. • Standard viscous disc theory, steady states and time dependent diffusion equation, vertical structure. • Application to accreting neutron stars, white dwarfs and AGN. The boundary layer, disruption by a stellar magnetic field, spin up and spin down. Application to T Tauri stars and neutron stars. • Simple ideas about planetary formation, gap formation and migration. Application to extrasolar planets.

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ASTM112 Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics 

Course outline :

This course studies the structure and dynamical behaviour a variety of astrophysical regimes, using the basic equations of fluid dynamics. Starting from the simplest applications, such as sound-waves and gravitational instability, it proceeds to topics of current research, such as solar and stellar seismology. It considers the influence of rotation at the initial stages of gravitational collapse, which leads eventually to the formation of compact objects, rotational distortion of stellar and planetary configurations, and tidal interaction in binary stars. The course also considers settings where nonlinear equations are applicable, such as spherically-symmetric accretion of gaseous clouds, and addresses briefly the formation and evolution of nonlinear waves and shocks.

Syllabus:

The material presented in this module consists of the following: •
Fluid dynamical model in astrophysics. • Gravitational stability, gravitational collapse. • Stellar stability, stellar oscillations, variable stars. • Helioseismology. • Stellar rotation, structure of rotating stars. • Binary stars, tidally distorted models. • Rotationally and tidally distorted planets.

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ASTM116 Astrophysical Plasmas

Course outline:

A plasma is an ionized gas where the magnetic and electric field play a key role in binding the material together. Plasmas are present in almost every astrophysical environment, from the surface of pulsars to the Earth’s ionosphere. This course explores the unique properties of plasmas, such as particle gyration and magnetic reconnection. The emphasis is on the plasmas found in the Solar System, from the solar corona and solar wind to the outer reaches of the heliosphere and the interstellar medium. Fundamental astrophysical processes are explored, such as the formation of supersonic winds, magnetic energy release, shock waves and particle acceleration. The course highlights the links between the plasmas we can observe with spacecraft and the plasmas in more distant and extreme astrophysical objects.

Syllabus:
What is a plasma? The material presented in this module consists of the following: •

The plasma state as found in astrophysical contexts.
Particle motion in electromagnetic fields, cyclotron motion, drifts and mirroring, with application to the radiation belts and emission from radio galaxies. • Concepts of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD); flux freezing and instabilities. • The solar wind, including MHD aspects, effects of solar activity, and impact on the terrestrial environment. • Magnetic reconnection; models and application to planetary magnetic storms and stellar flares and coronal heating.
Shock waves and charged particle acceleration.

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ASTM108 Advanced Cosmology 

Course outline:

Cosmology is a rapidly developing subject that is the focus of a considerable research effort worldwide. It is the attempt to understand the present state of the universe as a whole and thereby shed light on its origin and ultimate fate. Why is the universe structured today in the way that it is, how did it develop into its current form and what will happen to it in the future? The aim of this course is to address these and related questions from both the observational and theoretical perspectives. The course does not require specialist astronomical knowledge and does not assume any prior understanding of general relativity.

Syllabus:

The material presented in this module consists of the following: •

Observational basis for cosmological theories. • Derivation of the Friedmann models and their properties. • Cosmological tests; the Hubble constant; the age of the universe; the density parameter; luminosity distance and redshift. • The cosmological constant. • Physics of the early universe; primordial nucleosynthesis; the cosmic microwave background (CMB); the decoupling era; problems of the Big Bang model. • Inflationary cosmology. • Galaxy formation and the growth of fluctuations • Evidence for dark matter. • Large and small scale anisotropy in the CMB.

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ASTM052 Extragalactic Astrophysics

Course outline:

Recent observations of extremely remote objects in the universe have revealed violent events accompanied by the release of tremendous levels of energy in objects such as quasers and Active Galactic Nuclei. These are assumed to contain super massive black holes or even binary systems of super massive black holes. After a brief introduction to the classification and morphology of galaxies, the course considers active galactic nuclei and quasars, where massive black holes are supposed to exist. It surveys the observational evidence for the presence of these exotic objects and discusses how massive black holes interact with surrounding matter through, for example, accretion and tidal disruption of stars.

Syllabus

The material presented in this module consists of the following: •
Classification and morphology of galaxies. • Active and starburst galaxies; mergers and cannibalism. • Active galactic nuclei (AGN): properties, emission mechanisms, jets, superluminal motion, feeding the radio lobes, accretion onto a massive blackhole. • Binary black holes.

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Electromagnetic Radiation in Astrophysics (SPA7006P)

Outline

This module is an introduction to understanding the origin, propagation, detection and interpretation of electromagnetic (EM) radiation from astronomical objects. In this module students will learn: how to describe EM radiation and its propagation through a medium to an observer; the main processes responsible for line and continuum emission and how they depend on the nature and state the emitting material; the effects of the earth's atmosphere and the operation of the detection process at various wavelengths. The material will be illustrated by examples from optical, infrared and radio portions of the EM spectrum.

Aims

• Provide an introduction to the various mechanisms applicable to the creation, propagation and detection of radiation from astronomical objects.
• Provide an understanding of how EM radiation is generated in astrophysical environments, and how it propagates to the "observer" on earth, or satellite.
• Provide an ability to understand astronomical observations and how they can be used to infer the physical and chemical state, and motions of astronomical objects.
• Provide an understanding of how spatial, spectral and temporal characteristics of the detection process produce limitations in the interpretation of the properties of astrophysical objects.
• Provide an understanding of the uncertainties involved in the interpretation of properties of astrophysical objects, including limitations imposed by absorption and noise, both instrumental and celestial, and by other factors.
• Enable students to be capable of solving intermediate-level problems in astronomical spectra, using analytical techniques encountered or introduced in the course.

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ASTM002 The Galaxy 

Course outline:

The course considers in detail the basic physical processes that operate in galaxies, using our own Galaxy as a detailed example. This includes the dynamics and interactions of stars, and how their motions can be described mathematically. The interstellar medium is described and models are used to represent how the abundances of chemical elements have changed during the lifetime of the Galaxy. Dark matter can be studied using rotation curves of galaxies, and through the way that gravitational lensing by dark matter affects light. The various topics are then put together to provide an understanding of how the galaxies formed.

Syllabus:
The material presented in this module consists of the following: •
Introduction: Galaxy types, descriptive formation and dynamics. • Stellar dynamics: virial theorem, dynamical and relaxation times, collisionless Boltzmann equation, orbits, simple distribution functions, Jeans equations. • The interstellar medium: emission processes from gas and dust (qualitative only), models for chemical enrichment. • Dark matter – rotation curves: bulge, disk, and halo contributions. • Dark matter – gravitational lensing: basic lensing theory, microlensing optical depth. • The Milky Way: mass via the timing argument, solar neighbourhood kinematics, the bulge, the Sgr dwarf.

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ASTM041 Relativistic Astrophysics and Gravitation

Course outline:

Recently there have been numerous discoveries of objects in the Universe which possess gravitational fields so strong that physical interpretations of their properties cannot be conducted within the framework of Newtonian gravity. Instead it is essential to employ the general relativistic framework, which drastically changes the fundamental concepts of gravity, space and time. This concerns the applications of general relativity in astrophysics. It begins with a brief introduction to general relativity and proceeds to consider relativistic effects in the Solar System, white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes. It also discusses general ideas about the generation and detection of gravitational waves.

Syllabus

The material presented in this module consists of the following:

Conceptual introduction to special and general relativity: Lorentz transformation, Minkowski spacetime, equivalence principle, curved spacetime, geodesics, field equations.
• Heuristic understanding of gravitational redshift, light deflection, perihelion shift, gravitational radius. • Schwarzschild metric and orbits therein. • Black holes: gravitational collapse, event horizon, singularity, charged and rotating holes. • Accretion by white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes. • Evidence for black holes in binary systems, galactic nuclei, quasars. • Primordial black holes and associated quantum effects. • Gravitational waves: sources and detection. • Gravitational lensing and dark matter.

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ASTM005 Research Methods in Astronomy

Course outline:
The course describes the techniques used in scientific research, with emphasis on how researchers access scientific information. The lectures show how information can be found and evaluated, at a general level and at research level. The techniques used in scientific writing are discussed, including the style required for research papers. Data archives are introduced. The course provides an essential foundation for the skills needed for MSc project work. SyllabusResearch in astronomy builds on a vast body of literature and archived data. This course is an introduction to research methods which exploit existing information, and thus serves as an introduction to the MSc project.

The material presented in this module consists of the following:

Finding and evaluating information. • Using data archives. • Critical analysis of scientific articles. • Scientific writing including appropriate style and presentation. • The context of astronomy research in society.

The timetable includes:

Information sources for research in astronomy
Critical analysis of scientific articles
Scientific writing, including group work and presentation

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ASTM001 Solar System

Course outline:

As the planetary system most familiar to us, the Solar System presents the best opportunity to study questions about the origin of life and how enormous complexity arise from simple physical systems in general. This course surveys the physical and dynamical properties of the Solar System. It focuses on the formation, evolution, structure, and interaction of the Sun, planets, satellites, rings, asteroids, and comets. The course applies basic physical and mathematical principles needed for the study, such as fluid dynamics, electrodynamics, orbital dynamics, solid mechanics, and elementary differential equations. However, prior knowledge in these topics is not needed, as they will be introduced as required. The course will also include discussions of very recent, exciting developments in the formation of planetary and satellite systems and extrasolar planets (planetary migration, giant impacts, and exoplanetary atmospheres).

Syllabus:
The material presented in this module consists of the following: •

• General overview: terrestrial planets, gas giants, ice giants, small bodies
• The two-body problem; applications to exoplanets
• The three-body problem; applications to satellite systems
• Tidal theory and orbital evolution
• Resonances
• Planetary rings
• The solar nebula and planet formation.
• Asteroids, comets and impacts.

References

• C.D. Murray and S.F. Dermott, Solar System Dynamics, (Cambridge University Press).
• B. Bertotti, P. Farinella and D. Vokrouhlicky, Physics of the Solar System, (Kluwer Academic Publishers).

Other References

• J.K. Beatty, C.C. Petersen and A. Chaikin, The New Solar System (4th edition), (Cambridge University Press, Sky Publishing).
• J.S. Lewis, Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System (2nd edition), (Elsevier Academic Press).
• I. de Pater and J.J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, (Cambridge University Press).

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ASTM 109 Stellar Structure and Evolution (SPA7023P)

Outline

Stars are important constituents of the universe. This course starts from well known physical phenomena such as gravity, mass conservation, pressure balance, radiative transfer of energy and energy generation from the conversion of hydrogen to helium. From these, it deduces stellar properties that can be observed (that is, luminosity and effective temperature or their equivalents such as magnitude and colour) and compares the theoretical with the actual. In general good agreement is obtained but with a few discrepancies so that for a few classes of stars, other physical effects such as convection, gravitational energy generation and degeneracy pressure have to be included. This allows an understanding of pre-main sequence and dwarf stages of evolution of stars, as well as the helium flash and supernova stages.

Syllabus

• Observational properties of stars, the H-R diagram, the main sequence, giants and white dwarfs.
• Properties of stellar interiors: radiative transfer, equation of state, nuclear reactions, convection.
• Models of main sequence stars with low, moderate and high mass.
• Pre- and post-main sequence evolution, models of red giants, and the end state of stars.

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Astrophysics M.Sc.
 

SPA7020P Research Methods for Astrophysics SEM1 7 15 Compulsory

SPA7022P Solar System SEM1 7 15 Compulsory

SPA7023P Stellar Structure and Evolution SEM1 7 15 Compulsory

SPA7019P Relativity & Gravitation SEM1 7 15 Elective

SPA6311P Physical Cosmology SEM1 6 15 Elective  


Semester 2


SPA7000P MSc Astrophysics Research Project YEAR 7 60 Core

SPA7004P Astrophysical Plasmas SEM2 7 15 Compulsory

SPA7009P Extrasolar Planets and Astrophysical Discs SEM2 7 15 Compulsory

SPA7010P The Galaxy SEM2 7 15 Elective

SPA7006P Electromagnetic Radiation in Astrophysics SEM2 7 15 Elective

SPA7028P Advanced Cosmology SEM2 7 15 Elective

SPA6305P The Physics of Galaxies SEM2 6 15 Elective


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MSc Astrophysics Projects

Overview

The research project is a major component of the Astrophysics MSc in the final year. It is a fantastic opportunity to acquire valuable research skills and carry out high level astrophysical work, supervised by a member of academic staff.

The project gives students scope to work independently and critically on the topic of interest to them. It may be a theoretical topic, or it may involve computational work, or analysis of observational work by others. In all cases the emphasis should be on the astrophysics within the field chosen. The relevance of the work in the wider context of the subject should be explained as part of the introductory section. The project will normally require the study of original papers, show evidence of critical assessment and include a substantial component of independent work. It is not expected to include original research by the student, but it will be regarded favourably if it does.

The report should be around 15,000 words. In assessing the project, the examiners will pay particular attention to clarity of presentation, evidence that the student has worked critically and independently, and the adequacy of references to original papers. Students must choose a topic and find a supervisor by the beginning of January.

The award of an MSc is based on the end-of-year examinations and the project. The project is an important component of the MSc, corresponding to 4 modules, and you should devote substantial effort to it during the year. The examinations and the project must both be passed for the award of the MSc. Distinction can only be attained in the MSc if the project is at the required level.

The MSc Programme Director provides a 'Project Guidelines' booklet each year which includes more detailed  information on the requirements and some projects suggested by the available supervisors, although students are encouraged to propose their own topics.

Students are expected to use the LaTeX system to prepare their project dissertation. Several introductions to LaTeX are available on the Web, including Getting Started With LaTeX , by D.R. Wilkin, and LaTeX For Complete Novices, by N.L.C. Talbot.

Example projects

As a guideline, previous years' projects have included the following examples. Students will often be able to tailor the details of their project based on their interests and the direction of their research.

Detection of rocky planets around nearby stars


After 15 years of discoveries, current techniques allow us to detect the elusive signals of very small planets. The two leading detection techniques are Doppler spectroscopy and transit photometry. Both techniques are especially sensitive to small planets in close-in orbits (periods shorter than a few days). In particular, we can now detect Earth-mass/size planets in that domain. In this project we will work with archival and new space-based photometric data (Kepler/NASA and COROT/ESA) and ground-based Doppler measurements (HARPS) to attempt detection of such small planets around our nearest stellar neighbours and some bright Kepler mission systems. To do this, we will use advanced data-analysis methods such as Bayesian inference and models including correlated noise.


Primordial Black Holes (PBHs)


PBHs are considered as a unique and powerful tool to probe the Very Early Universe. Students will write a review including the following topics: the range of PBH’s masses, different mechanisms of PBH’s formation, amplification of their fractional density in radiation dominated expansion of the Early Universe, Hawking radiation, observational constraints based on cosmological nucleosynthesis, gamma-ray background and gamma-ray bursts. Possible research components may include any combination of the following topics: hydrodynamics of PBH’s formation, the problem of initial conditions, critical collapse, the problem of shock formation, probability of PBH’s formation, constraints on physical conditions in the very Early Universe. A student can write a new computer code for illustration of already known results and even for obtaining some new results.


Exploring the population of quasars and red compact galaxies.

Study of multicolour diagrams from infrared sky surveys including VISTA and WISE shows a significant population of point sources deviating from the locus of normal stars. Many of these are likely quasars, and some may also be compact red galaxies. The project will investigate these populations in more detail, and will involve significant database matching aspects including SQL and TopCat.

Models of the solar interior: problems and perspectives


The model of the solar internal structure, based on the standard assumptions of the stellar-evolution theory (often referred to as a standard solar model) revealed an almost adequate agreement with observational data over decades. The situation has changed dramatically when the revised spectroscopic measurements of solar metallicity brought the model into a drastic conflict with helioseismic measurements. A comprehensive overview of the problem is expected in this project, with critical analysis of possible suggested solutions.


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Part 41


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Please note: this site is NOT an official course Website.  This material is for reference purposes only.